Yogyakarta – Pusat Studi Kependudukan dan Kebijakan (PSKK) UGM bekerja sama dengan The National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K) menggelar seminar daring (webinar) bertajuk Kelompok Rentan dan COVID-19 di Indonesia pada Rabu, 27 Juli 2020 pukul 09.30-12.00 WIB.

Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) mencatat angka kemiskinan per Maret 2020 mengalami kenaikan menjadi 26,42 juta orang. Dengan posisi ini, persentase penduduk miskin per Maret 2020 juga ikut naik menjadi 9,78 persen.

Dibanding Maret 2019, peningkatan angka kemiskinan mencapai 1,28 juta orang dari sebelumnya 25,14 juta orang. Persentase penduduk miskin juga naik 0,37 persen dari Maret 2019 yang hanya 9,41 persen.

Hal serupa disampaikan kepala BAPPEDA Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), Budi Wibowo, saat menjadi pembicara pada seminar PSKK UGM pada Kamis (29/7/2020). Budi menyampaikan tingkat kemiskinan DIY selama pandemi COVID-19 meningkat. Peningkatan angka kemiskinan DIY per Maret mencapai 12,28 persen, naik 0,84 persen dari September 2019 yang berada di angka 11,44 persen.

Menurut Budi, untuk mengatasi permasalahan ekonomi ini, pemerintah DIY melakukan beberapa upaya, seperti refocusing dan reallocating anggaran daerah, misalnya percepatan perubahan penjabaran APBD DIY 2020, menghentikan seluruh proses pengadaan barang atau jasa yang belum memiliki tanda tangan kontrak per 3 April 2020, kecuali untuk oprasional OPD, bersumber dari dana keistimewaan, dan untuk operasi serta pemeliharaan pelayanan dasar atau publik.

“Perlu diketahui bahwa kita (DIY) sudah membuka beberapa destinasi wisata dan kita akan mencoba lebih perketat lagi implementasinya di destinasi wisata itu karena perlu kami sampaikan bahwa di balik destinasi wisata itu ada ribuan UMKM. Lima puluh satu ribu UMKM yang ada di DIY itu engineering good bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi,” ujar Budi.

Menanggapi permasalahan ekonomi selama COVID-19, kepala PSKK UGM, Agus Joko Pitoyo menekankan dampak COVID-19 terhadap sektor informal. Joko menjelaskan bahwa sektor informal penting untuk dibahas karena mendominasi struktur tenaga kerja di Indonesia.

“Lebih dari 70 juta pekerja berada di sektor informal. Banyaknya tenaga kerja terserap di sektor ini karena sektor informal memang cenderung lebih mudah dimasuki oleh angkatan kerja,” ujarnya.

Sektor informal saat pandemi juga cenderung tidak bisa bertahan. Hal ini setidaknya ditandai dari gangguan produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi hingga penurunan pendapatan. Sektor informal mengalami keterpurukan saat pandemi juga karena pembatasan aktivitas sosial yang menyebabkan gangguan pada aktivitas ekonomi (produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi) dan supply chains produk.

Data BPS menunjukkan, 70,53 persen responden dalam kelompok berpendapatan rendah (<1,8 juta) mengaku mengalami penurunan pendapatan. Sementara itu, pandemi COVID-19 juga menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan pengeluaran bagi 56 persen responden yang sebagian besar mengalami peningkatan antara 26-50 persen. Sebagian besar peningkatan terjadi pada pengeluaran bahan pangan (51 persen), hal ini dimungkinkan akibat dari adanya kegiatan Work from Home (WFH) dan School from Home (SFH).

Survei PSKK UGM: Dampak terhadap Pekerja Informal

Agus Joko Pitoyo menyampaikan hasil survei awal PSKK UGM terkait dampak COVID-19 terhadap pekerja informal. Survei ini diikuti oleh 64 pekerja informal di DIY. Survei dilakukan pada awal Juli dan masih berlangsung saat seminar ini digelar. Responden yang berpartisipasi terdiri atas pedagang, PKL, buruh bangunan, ojek online, dan pekerja seni. Hasil survei ini menunjukkan bahwa COVID-19 berdampak pada penurunan pendapatan, kehilangan pekerjaan, penurunan konsumen, dan penutupan usaha.

Hasil survei menunjukkan, 31,3 persen responden menyatakan bahwa mereka mulai merasakan dampak pandemi sejak awal April. Hal ini menyusul penerapan pembatasan sosial yang dilakukan pemerintah.

Namun, penurunan pendapatan dan kesulitan yang dihadapi saat pandemi tidak mendorong sebagian besar pekerja informal untuk beralih pekerjaan. Hal ini disebabkan kompetensi yang dimiliki cenderung rendah dan persepsi bahwa tidak ada pekerjaan yang dapat menawarkan kondisi lebih baik. 23,4 persen pekerja informal yang beralih pekerjaan cenderung beralih pada usaha bisnis online. Bahkan kondisi pekerjaan yang buruk akibat COVID-19 tidak menimbulkan keinginan bagi 46,9 persen responden untuk berpindah pekerjaan setelah COVID-19 selesai. Sementara itu, 35 persen masih bimbang atas kondisi di masa setelah COVID-19 pada pekerjaan yang saat ini dimiliki. 17 persen lainnya memiliki keinginan untuk beralih profesi setelah COVID-19.

Selain itu, menurut Joko, COVID-19 juga berdampak pada pekerja kaki lima (PKL) di Kota Yogyakarta. Mayoritas pekerja dan PKL mengalami penurunan pendapatan hingga >50 persen. Penurunan pendapatan disebabkan adanya pembatasan sosial dan penutupan sekolah serta perkantoran.

“Terdapat perbedaan dampak COVID-19 terhadap pekerja dan PKL. Pada pekerja, COVID-19 menyebabkan penurunan jam kerja bahkan PHK. Namun, selama COVID-19 jumlah jam kerja PKL terdapat peningkatan 2-3 jam kerja karena menunggu pelanggan dan menambah jam kerja untuk mempertahankan pendapatan,” jelas Joko.

“Sektor informal berpotensi mengalami pemulihan lebih cepat jika aktivitas masyarakat dibuka kembali, namun masih dalam skala pemulihan yang kecil. Perlu adanya perlakuan khusus, misalnya melalui stimulus ekonomi agar proses recovery berjalan optimal,” pungkas Joko.

Kerentanan Penyandang Disabilitas

Koordinator kebijakan perlindungan sosial TNP2K, Dyah Larasati, menyoroti kelompok rentan lain yang terdampak selama COVID-19, yaitu para penyandang disabilitas. Diperkirakan 15 persen dari populasi penduduk di dunia memiliki disabilitas. Satu dari lima perempuan diperkirakan mengalami kondisi disabilitas selama hidupnya dan satu dari 10 anak-anak adalah anak dengan disabilitas. Sementara itu, sekitar sembilan persen (23,3 juta penduduk) di Indonesia mengalami kondisi disabilitas.

“Disabilitas di Indonesia dan kemiskinan memiliki korelasi yang kuat. Risiko akan lebih besar untuk kelompok disabilitas saat pandemi. Jika kita mempertimbangkan biaya tambahan yang diperlukan penyandang disabilitas, maka angka kemiskinan akan meningkat secara signifikan,” tutur Dyah.

Dyah menyampaikan, pandemi COVID-19 telah meningkatkan risiko dan kerentanan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung pada kelompok disabilitas, seperti 1) Mobilitas yang semakin terbatas akibat kebijakan “tetap di rumah”, baik itu atas rekomendasi atau dimandatkan atau diwajibkan, mengakibatkan kesulitan dalam mengakses layanan dasar, seperti layanan kesehatan dan pendidikan; 2) Keterbatasan atau kesulitan mengakses informasi dan fasilitas layanan kesehatan, perlindungan sosial, dan layanan terkait lainnya selama masa pandemi; 3) Kemungkinan berkurang atau terbatasnya bantuan pendapatan dari anggota keluarga lainnya karena mereka juga mungkin terdampak akibat pandemi ini; 4) Meningkatkan pengucilan dan isolasi sosial yang dapat mengakibatkan depresi, ketakutan, dan ketidakberdayaan, terutama karena kelompok disabilitas serta lansia memiliki kemungkinan kondisi medis atau penyakit bawaan lebih tinggi, sehingga lebih rentan terhadap penyakit ini; dan 5) Kurang dari tiga persen penyandang disabilitas yang mendapatkan bantuan sosial melalui Program ASPD dan PKH. Keterbatasan akses terhadap perlindungan sosial ini membuat mereka lebih rentan untuk bertahan.

Meski risiko dan kerentanan penyandang disabilitas akibat COVID-19 sangat banyak, studi atau data terkait peningkatan kerentanan penyandang disabilitas selama masa pandemi sangat terbatas.

“Sejauh ini, data dan bukti terkait peningkatan risiko akibat COVID-19 masih sangat terbatas dan umumnya hanya dapat ditemukan pada negara-negara berpendapatan tinggi (High Income Countries/HICs). Data dari negara miskin dan berpendapatan menengah (Low and Middle Income Countries/LMICs) masih amat sangat terbatas,” ujarnya.

Studi Dampak Ekonomi COVID-19 pada Penyandang Disabilitas di Indonesia oleh Jaringan Organisasi Penyandang Disabilitas (April 2020) menunjukkan 87 persen pekerja mengalami penurunan pendapatan dan mayoritas mengalami penurunan drastis (50-80 persen dari pendapatan).

Kemudian kerentanan ekonomi penyandang disabilitas selama pandemi COVID-19 juga tinggi. 69 persen responden kemungkinan menjadi miskin atau semakin miskin karena kombinasi rendahnya penghasilan dan tingginya penurunan penghasilan akibat COVID-19. 41 persen penyandang disabilitas “sangat rentan” hampir pasti berada di bawah garis kemiskinan dan 28 persen penyandang disabilitas “rentan” berada di bawah atau sangat dekat dengan garis kemiskinan.

Untuk dapat membantu menyelesaikan masalahan ini, Dyah Larasati merekomendasikan kepada para pemangku kebijakan untuk memperluas cakupan dan memastikan kesesuaian nilai manfaat perlindungan sosial, memastikan perlindungan sosial yang inklusif, komprehensif, dan terintegrasi serta membuat mekanisme atau proses pendaftaran yang sederhana.

COVID-19 dan Marginalisasi Isu Perempuan

Peneliti senior dan pakar gender PSKK UGM, Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, menyoroti adanya marginalisasi isu perempuan di tengah COVID-19. Infografis Lembar Fakta Catatan Tahunan Komnas Perempuan 2020 menunjukkan, terjadi 14.719 kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan menurut ranahnya, yaitu ranah personal sebesar 75,4 persen (11.105 kasus), ranah komunitas sebesar 24,4 persen (3.602 kasus), dan ranah negara sebesar 0,08 persen (12 kasus). Sementara itu, bentuk kekerasan terhadap perempuan tertinggi adalah kekerasan fisik yang mencapai angka 5.548 kasus dengan 4.783 terjadi di ranah personal dan 765 kasus terjadi di ranah komunitas.

“Kekerasan terhadap perempuan cenderung meningkat selama pandemi, tetapi naiknya tingkat kekerasan terhadap perempuan bukan semata-mata karena COVID-19, karena sebelum COVID-19 memang kekerasan itu sudah ada,” tegas Dewi.

Menanggapi isu dampak COVID-19 terhadap sektor informal, Dewi menyampaikan data KPPPA dan BPS, 2018 yang menunjukkan bahwa 61.37 persen perempuan bekerja di sektor informal, sedangkan 23.31 persen berstatus sebagai pekerja keluarga.

Selain itu, terjadi marginalisasi isu perempuan selama pandemi. Hal ini disebabkan beberapa faktor, seperti kurangnya pemahaman kritis tentang perkembangan konstruksi gender di Indonesia dan pemikiran ibuisme negara (state ibuism). “Kalau kita lihat apa yang berlangsung dalam sejarah selama pemerintahan Suharto, ada yang dinamakan state ibuism.  State ibuism itu adalah definisi negara atau konstruksi negara tentang perempuan yang ideal. Berdasarkan state ibuism, perempuan yang ideal adalah yang domesticated dan dedicated sangat tinggi terhadap suami, keluarga, dan negara. Jadi mereka mengorbankan kehidupan mereka demi suami, keluarga, dan negara tanpa mengharapkan imbalan yang sifatnya personal,” jelas Dewi.

Menurutnya, setelah pemerintahan Suharto memang ada perubahan pemikiran terhadap perempuan, namun tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa state ibuism itu direproduksi di kalangan masyarakat yang relatif muda bahkan di tatanan para pembuat kebijakan, sehingga dampak COVID-19 yang berbeda bagi laki-laki dan perempuan tidak dianggap sebagai masalah sudah sesuai dengan konstruksi gender yang ada.

Dewi menyampaikan, isu perempuan termaginalisasi selama pandemi juga karena kurangnya representasi pemikiran ilmu sosial dalam respons COVID-19. “Pandemi COVID-19 lebih dilihat dari perspektif kesehatan. Kalau kita lihat jurnal-jurnal terutama yang ditulis di bidang kesehatan itu ada dua istilah yang diulang-ulang, yaitu Pharmaceutical Intervention (vaksin) vs Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention. Sementara tidak ada diskusi kultural yang reflektif tentang konteks, tentang ketimpangan struktural,” tegas Dewi.

Dewi menyimpulkan bahwa pandemi COVID-19 telah menyingkap ketimpangan struktural yang menempatkan perempuan dalam posisi ekonomi, sosial, politik yang tidak menguntungkan, sedangkan respons pemerintah terhadap COVID-19 yang tidak sensitif gender membuat posisi perempuan semakin terpuruk. “Kemudian jika kita pakai bahasa perang, maka perempuan tidak ubahnya seperti collateral damage dalam perang melawan COVID-19,” pungkasnya.

Penulis: Nuraini Ika |  Editor Bahasa: Rinta Alvionita  |  Foto: Alexs_foto (pixabay.com)

Catatan: rekaman lengkap seminar “Kelompok Rentan dan COVID-19 di Indonesia” dapat disaksikan di saluran YouTube PSKK UGM dan TNP2K Komunikasi. 

Jakarta, TNP2K – Dalam rangka memfasilitasi tinjauan secara menyeluruh mengenai pelaksanaan Kinerja dan Akuntabilitas Guru (KIAT Guru), TNP2K menyelenggarakan Lokakarya Refleksi beserta pengemban tanggung jawab dari tiga kabupaten: Ketapang, Kaimana dan Keerom yang selama ini telah bekerja sama secara erat dengan TNP2K dalam melaksanakan pra-uji coba penelitian KIAT Guru.

Yogyakarta, PSKK UGM — Pengentasan kemiskinan merupakan salah satu program prioritas Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta – Center for Population and Policy Studies (CPPS) UGM in collaboration with The National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K) held an online seminar “Vulnerable Groups and COVID-19 in Indonesia” on Wednesday, July 27, 2020 at 9.30-12 a.m.

The Indonesia Statistics Agency recorded the poverty rate as of March 2020 increased to 26.42 million people. Regarding this position, the percentage of poor people also rose to 9.78 percent as of March 2020.

The increase in poverty rate reached 1.28 million people from the previous rate, 25.14 million people compared to the rate as of March 2019. The percentage of poor people also rose 0.37 percent from March 2019, which was only 9.41 percent.

This is in line with the statement of the head of Yogyakarta Development Planning Agency, Budi Wibowo, when he stood as a speaker at the CPPS UGM seminar on Thursday (29/07/2020). He said that the poverty rate in Yogyakarta during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased. The increase as of March 2020 reached 12.28 percent, rose 0.84 percent from September 2019 (i.e. 11.44 percent).

According to him, the regional government should make several efforts to overcome this economic problem, such as refocusing and reallocating the local budget, e.g. accelerating changes in the allocation of the local budget, stopping the entire process of procurement of goods or services that do not yet have a contract as of 3 April 2020, except for the operation of Regional Apparatus Organization, goods sourced from privileged funds, and the operation and maintenance of basic or public services.

“We (the local government) have opened several tourist destinations and we will try even more tightly to implement them in the tourist destinations because there are thousands of MSMEs behind those tourist destinations. Fifty-one thousand MSMEs in Yogyakarta are engineering goods for economic growth,” he emphasized.

Responding to the economic problems during COVID-19, the head of CPPS UGM, Agus Joko Pitoyo stressed the impact of COVID-19 on the informal sector. He explained that the informal sector is important to discuss since it dominates the workforce structure in Indonesia.

“More than 70 million workers work in the informal sector. There are high number of workers working in this sector because it tends to be more easily obtained by the workforce,” he said.

The informal sector during the COVID-19 pandemic also tends not to be sustainable. This is at least marked from the disruption of production, distribution, and consumption to a decrease in income. The downturn is also due to restrictions on social activities that cause disruption to economic activities (production, distribution, and consumption) and product supply chain.

The Indonesia Statistics Agency data shows that 70.53 percent of the respondents from the low-income group (<1.8 million) stated that they experienced an income decrease. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic also caused an increase in spending for 56 percent of respondents, most of them experienced an increase of between 26-50 percent. Most of the increase occurred in food expenditure (51 percent) and this is possible due to the existence of Work from Home (WFH) and Study from Home (SFH).

Survey of CPPS UGM: The Impacts on Informal Workers

Agus Joko Pitoyo delivered the results of the initial survey of CPPS UGM related to the impacts of COVID-19 on informal workers. The survey was attended by 64 informal workers in Yogyakarta and conducted in early July and was still going on until this seminar was held. The participating respondents consist of traders, street workers, building construction workers, online transportation drivers, and artists. The results of this survey show that COVID-19 has impacts on income decline, job loss, consumer decline, and business closure.

The results indicate that 31.3 percent of the respondents stated that they began to feel the impact of the pandemic since early April 2020. This goes after the implementation of social restrictions by the government.

However, the decrease in income and the difficulties during the pandemic did not encourage most informal workers to switch their professions due to the low competency and the perception that there are no professions that can offer better conditions. 23.4 percent of the informal workers who change their professions tended to switch to online business ventures. Even poor working conditions due to COVID-19 did not trigger the desire for 46.9 percent of respondents to change their professions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, 35 percent are still wavering over conditions in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic on the professions they currently own. Another 17 percent have the desire to switch their professions.

Also, according to Joko, COVID-19 also affected street workers in the city of Yogyakarta. The majority of workers and street workers experienced a decrease in income to > 50 percent due to social restrictions and schools and office closure.

“There are differences in the impacts of COVID-19 on workers and street vendors. In workers, COVID-19 causes a decrease in working hours and even layoffs. However, during COVID-19, the number of working hours in street workers had increased by 2-3 hours due to waiting for customers and to maintain the revenue,” Joko explained.

“The informal sector has the potentials to have a faster recovery if the community activities are reopened, but still performed on a small scale of recovery. It needs special treatment, for example using economic stimulus, so the recovery process can optimally run,” he concluded.

The coordinator of TNP2K’s social protection policy, Dyah Larasati, highlighted another vulnerable group affected during COVID-19, i.e. people with disabilities. It is estimated that 15 percent of the world’s population has a disability. One in five women will experience a disability condition in their lifetime and one in 10 children have disabilities. Meanwhile, around nine percent (23.3 million people) in Indonesia have disabilities.

 “Disability and poverty in Indonesia have a strong correlation. The risk will be greater for disability groups during a pandemic. If we consider the additional costs required by people with disabilities, the poverty rate will significantly increase,” she said.

She conveyed that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased risks and vulnerabilities directly or indirectly in people with disabilities, such as 1) The increase in limited mobility due to “stay at home” policy, either on recommendation or mandate or obligation and it caused the difficulties in accessing basic services, such as health and education services; 2) Limited or difficult access to information and health service facilities, social protection, and other related services; 3) The possibility of reduced or limited income support from other family members because they may also be affected by this pandemic; 4) The increase in social exclusion and isolation which can lead to depression, fear, and helplessness, especially because the people with disabilities and the elderly have a higher possibility of vulnerable medical conditions or congenital diseases, making them more susceptible to these diseases; and 5) Less than three percent of people with disabilities received social assistance through the ASPD and PKH Programs. Limited access to social protection makes them more vulnerable to survive.

Although the risks and vulnerabilities of people with disabilities due to the pandemic are numerous, studies, or data related to the increased vulnerability of people with disabilities during the pandemic are very limited.

“Data and evidence related to increased risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic are very limited to date and can only be found in high-income countries (HICs). Data from low and middle-income countries (Low and Middle-Income Countries/LMICs) is very limited,” she emphasized.

The Study on the Economic Impact of COVID-19 on People with Disabilities in Indonesia by Jaringan Organisasi Penyandang Disabilities (Network of People with Disabilities Organization) on April 2020 showed that 87 percent of workers experience a decrease in income and most of them experience a drastic decline (50-80 percent of income).

The economic vulnerability of people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic is also high. 69 percent of the respondents are likely to be poorer or getting poorer due to a combination of low income and a high decrease in income due to the pandemic. 41 percent of them (very vulnerable) is almost certainly below the poverty line and 28 percent (vulnerable) are below or very close to the poverty line.

To help solving this problem, Dyah suggested the policymakers expand the scope and ensure the appropriateness of the value of social protection benefits, ensure inclusive, comprehensive and integrated social protection, and create a simple registration process.

COVID-19 and Women Marginalization

Senior researcher and gender expert at CPPS UGM, Dewi Haryani Susilastuti, highlighted the marginalization of women in the midst of COVID-19. Annual Records Infographic of the National Commission on Violence against Women 2020 show that there are 14,719 cases of violence against women according to their domains; the personal sphere of 75.4 percent (11,105 cases), the community sphere of 24.4 percent (3,602 cases), and the state sphere of 0.08 percent (12 cases). The highest one is physical violence which reaches 5,548 cases with 4,783 happen in the personal domain and 765 cases happen in the community domain.

“The violence against women tends to increase during the pandemic, but the increase in the level of violence against women is not solely due to the pandemic because it has already existed before,” she said.

Responding to the issue of the impact of COVID-19 on the informal sector, she presented data from the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection and Statistics Agency 2018 which showed that 61.37 percent of women work in the informal sector, while 23.31 percent are family workers.

Besides, there is a marginalization in women during the pandemic due to several factors, such as a lack of critical understanding of the development of gender construction in Indonesia and state ibuism. “We can see what happened in the history during the Suharto’s government, there was something called state ibuism, the state definition or state construction of the ideal woman. Based on state ibuism, the ideal woman is one who is domesticated and highly dedicated to her husband, family, and country. That’s why they sacrifice their lives for the sake of their husband, family, and country without expecting anything personal,” she explained.

According to her, after the Suharto’s government, there was indeed a change of mind towards women, but it cannot be denied that the state ibuism was reproduced in a relatively young society even in the order of policymakers, so the different effects of COVID-19 for men and women are not considered the problem has already been in line with the existing gender construction.

She conveyed that the issue of marginalized women during the pandemic is also due to the lack of representation of social science thinking in responding to the pandemic. “The COVID-19 pandemic is seen more from a health perspective. We can see it at journals, especially those written in the field of health, there are two repeated terms, Pharmaceutical Intervention (vaccine) and Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention. Meanwhile, there is no reflective cultural discussion about context, about structural inequality,” she highlighted. 

She concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed structural inequalities that place women in unfavorable economic, social, and political positions, while the government’s insensitive responses to gender have made the position of women worse off. “If we use the language of war, women are then like collateral damage in the fight against COVID-19,” she concluded.

Writer: Nuraini Ika |  Language Editor: Rinta Alvionita  |  Photo: Alexs_foto (pixabay.com)

Note: The full recording of the seminar can be watched on the CPPS UGM and TNP2K YouTube channel.